PA Academic Standards for Science and Technology 10th-12th grade
3.4. Physical Science -Physics and chemistry involve the study of objects and their properties. Students examine changes to materials during mixing, freezing, heating and dissolving and then learn how to observe and measure results. In chemistry students study the relationship between matter, atomic structure and its activity. Laboratory investigations of the properties of substances and their changes through a range of chemical interactions provide a basis for students to understand atomic theory and a variety of reaction types and their applications in business, agriculture and medicine.
Physics deepens the understanding of the structure and properties of
materials and includes atoms, waves, light, electricity, magnetism and
the role of energy, forces and motion.
3.4. Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics
Pennsylvania’s public schools shall teach, challenge and support every student to realize his or her maximum potential and to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to . . .
A. Apply concepts about the structure and properties of matter. -12
- Apply rules of systematic nomenclature and formula writing to chemical substances.
- Classify and describe, in equation form, types of chemical and nuclear reactions.
- Explain how radioactive isotopes that are subject to decay can be used to estimate the age of materials.
- Explain how the forces that bind solids, liquids and gases affect their properties.
- Characterize and identify important classes of compounds (e.g., acids, bases, salts).
- Apply the conservation of energy concept to fields as diverse as mechanics, nuclear particles and studies of the origin of the universe.
- Apply the predictability of nuclear decay to estimate the age of materials that contain radioactive isotopes.
- Quantify the properties of matter (e.g., density, solubility coefficients) by applying mathematical formulas.
B. Analyze energy sources and transfers of heat. 10
- Determine the efficiency of chemical systems by applying mathematical formulas.
- Use knowledge of chemical reactions to generate an electrical current.
- Evaluate energy changes in chemical reactions.
- Use knowledge of conservation of energy and momentum to explain common phenomena (e.g., refrigeration system, rocket propulsion).
- Explain resistance, current and electro-motive force (Ohm’s Law).
B. Apply and analyze energy sources and conversions and their relationship to heat and temperature.12
- Determine the heat involved in illustrative chemical reactions.
- Evaluate mathematical formulas that calculate the efficiency of specific chemical and mechanical systems.
- Use knowledge of oxidation and reduction to balance complex reactions
- Apply appropriate thermodynamic concepts (e.g., conservation, entropy)
to solve problems relating to energy
and heat.
C. Distinguish among the principles of force and motion. 10
- Identify the relationship of electricity and magnetism as two aspects of a single electromagnetic force.
- Identify elements of simple machines in compound machines.
- Explain fluid power systems through the design and construction of appropriate models.
- Describe sound effects (e.g., Doppler effect, amplitude, frequency, reflection, refraction, absorption, sonar, seismic).
C. Apply the principles of motion and force. 12
- Evaluate wave properties of frequency, wavelength and speed as applied
to sound and light through
different media. - Propose and produce modifications to specific mechanical power systems that will improve their efficiency.
- Analyze the principles of transitional motion, velocity and acceleration
as they relate to free fall
and projectile motion.
D. Explain essential ideas about the composition and structure of the universe. 10
- Compare the basic structures of the universe (e.g., galaxy types, nova,black holes, neutron stars).
- Describe the structure and life cycle of star, using the Hertzsprung- Russell diagram.
- Describe the nuclear processes involved in energy production in a star.
- Explain the “red-shift” and Hubble’s use of it to determine stellar distance and movement.
- Compare absolute versus apparent star magnitude and their relation to stellar distance.
- Explain the impact of the Copernican and Newtonian thinking on man’s view of the universe.
- Identify and analyze the findings of several space instruments in regards to the extent and composition of the
- Analyze the principles of rotational motion to solve problems relating to angular momentum, and torque.
- Interpret a model that illustrates circular motion and acceleration.
- Describe inertia, motion, equilibrium, and action/reaction concepts through words, models and mathematical symbols.
D. Analyze the essential ideas about the composition and structure of the universe. 12
- Analyze the Big Bang Theory’s use of gravitation and nuclear reaction to explain a possible origin of the universe.
- Compare the use of visual, radio and x-ray telescopes to collect data
regarding the structure and
evolution of the universe. - Correlate the use of the special theory of relativity and the life of a star.
22 Pa. Code, Ch. 4, Appendix B (#006-273) Final Form – Annex A July
12, 2001
2003- 2004 Bob Everly
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